Is it a good idea to pay your mortgage off early?

At first glance, paying your mortgage off early may seem like a no-brainer. But don’t be fooled: that fleeting sense of freedom doesn’t necessarily mean it’s the best option for your finances. You should weigh up your situation carefully before making a decision. In this article, myLIFE explains early repayment and what it means for you.

Marie has just received a large sum of money. She wants to put it towards her mortgage and lower her monthly payments. Is she free to do so? Would it be better for her to keep the money in a savings account or invest it? Meanwhile, Richard is going through a divorce. He and his ex-wife have decided to sell their house so that they can each buy another property. They need to pay off the mortgage on their shared home, but they’re not sure if they’ll be hit with extra charges.

To answer these questions from Marie and Richard, we reached out to Bob Schmit, Senior Product Manager for loans at BIL, who will explain the process of paying a mortgage off early.

Mr Schmit, please could you explain the early repayment process?

“Early repayment of a mortgage involves deviating from the normal financing plan by paying off some or all of your loan before the end of the official term.

In most cases, people ask to do this because they’ve come into some money (a gift or an inheritance) or their income has risen and they want to pay more each month. This is referred to as partial early repayment.

Total early repayment is what might happen after a divorce, for example. The couple who are separating want to sell their property and pay off their loan without necessarily taking out a new one immediately afterwards.

The advantage is that they may be able to lower or eradicate their monthly payments and so increase their purchasing power, but they could face an early repayment penalty as a result. They need to consider the situation carefully before making a decision.”

Whether or not you’ll face a penalty depends on the type of loan (fixed rate or variable rate) and the prevailing market rates.

Under what circumstances would a penalty apply?

“The bank has the right to ask the client to pay a fee if costs are incurred through the early repayment of the loan. It’s best to think of this as compensation for the financial loss incurred by the institution because of the interruption to the loan agreement.”

Useful info: this early repayment penalty may not exceed the financial loss incurred by the bank.

To find out whether Marie or Richard will pay a penalty, we need to consider the type of loan they have – fixed rate or variable rate – and the prevailing market rates.

If they have a fixed-rate loan, there are two possible options:

• • Market rates have increased since the loan was taken out. In this case, there are no additional fees to pay because the bank can lend out the repaid funds at a higher rate.
  • Market rates have fallen. The bank cannot lend out the repaid funds at a similar rate and this will cost the bank money. The bank has the right to recover these costs from the client.

However, if the client has a variable-rate loan, there is no penalty to pay. In this case, the bank’s funding arrangements mean that it doesn’t lose out from the early repayment.

Remember: you will be charged an arrangement fee to pay your mortgage off early, regardless of whether or not a penalty applies.

For anyone who took out a loan on their primary residence after March 2016*, a cap of six months of interest applies to the first EUR 450,000 repaid early.

How much will the penalty be?

“The size of the penalty will depend on three things:

• • The amount the client wishes to repay
  • The remaining term of the fixed-rate period
  • The difference between the ECB refinancing rate when the loan was taken out and the refinancing rate over the remaining term when the loan is repaid.

In short, if the 20-year ECB refinancing rate was 2% when the loan was taken out and 1.50% over the 10 years left to run when the loan is repaid, the penalty is calculated based on the financial loss of 0.50% over the remaining term of the fixed-rate period.

However, there is a cap on the penalty that can be charged to anyone who took out a loan after March 2016 on their primary residence (and who can prove that they have lived there continuously for at least two years). This cap applies to the amount that the client wishes to repay. The cap is set at six months of interest on a repayment of up to EUR 450,000.”

Example: When they bought their home, Richard and his wife took out a 20-year mortgage of EUR 600,000 at an interest rate of 3%. Four years have passed and now they want to pay off their debt in full (EUR 500,000). In the meantime, refinancing rates have fallen by 0.50%. The bank can only claim six months of interest (at the rate set when the loan was agreed) on the first EUR 450,000. On the other EUR 50,000, however, the bank can charge the full penalty because the cap has been reached. As such, Richard and his wife will have to pay a penalty of EUR 6,750 on the first EUR 450,000 of repayment plus EUR 4,000 on the other EUR 50,000. In total, they will pay a penalty of EUR 10,750 plus an arrangement fee.

Remember: in Luxembourg, this cap does not apply to early repayments of mortgages on second homes or buy-to-let properties.

How can a person tell if early repayment is right for them?

The best way to see whether paying off a mortgage early is financially beneficial for you is to run simulations.

Let’s think about Marie’s circumstances again. When interest rates on the market are low, it seems like a good idea for Marie to pay off part of her loan rather than invest her money in a savings account.

If Marie has a variable-rate mortgage, she will not be charged an early repayment fee. The same is true if she has a fixed-rate mortgage and market interest rates have risen since she took out her loan: no penalty will apply. So, early repayment really does seem like a good way for her to invest her money.

On the other hand, if Marie has a fixed-rate loan and market interest rates have fallen since she took it out, she will need to pay a penalty to her bank. In that case, she will have to check that the penalty doesn’t wipe out all of the financial benefits of early repayment.

Example: Marie took out a 15-year mortgage in July 2022 at a fixed rate of 3% for EUR 200,000. In December 2024, the refinancing rate fell by 0.50%. She wants to overpay her mortgage by EUR 30,000. She will have to pay a penalty of EUR 1,875 to cover the loss of interest incurred by the bank. This means that paying the loan off early may not be the best solution.

An early repayment request can be made at any time. There is no minimum waiting period.

When can a person pay their mortgage off early?

An early repayment request can be made at any time. There is no minimum waiting period.

On a fixed-rate mortgage, the closer you are to the end of the loan term, the smaller any penalty will be, since the fee is calculated on the amount left to pay. If you have a variable-rate mortgage, however, early repayment will make most financial sense at the start of the loan term, i.e. before the majority of the interest has been paid to the bank.

Useful info: the conditions for early repayment are different for consumer loans. For more information, visit the website of the Luxembourg Financial Supervisory Authority (Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier – CSSF).

Do you have any advice for people considering an early repayment?

“You absolutely must take the time to talk through your situation with your adviser before taking the plunge. Your adviser is the only person who can tell you everything you need to know and make sure you’re seeing the full picture in terms of the context of your request, your needs and your expectations.”

Richard and his wife were “forced” to review the terms of their loan when they started divorce proceedings. They can discuss the various repayment procedures with their banker to find the solution that best suits their circumstances.

Meanwhile, Marie has all the time in the world to compare the various options. Her banker can run simulations to help her find the most financially beneficial solution: paying her mortgage off early, keeping her money in a savings account and continuing to deduct her interest expenses on her tax return, following through on much-cherished plans, or even investing in financial products. Maybe this is Marie’s opportunity to take her first steps as an investor !

* Date of entry into force of the law

This article is a part of the folder Special feature: loans